Epidemiology Of Varsity Sports :: essays research papers fc

Epidemiology of Varsity SportsVarsity sports is in many schools as important as academics, especiallyin the United States. These schools rely a great deal on the success of theirteams for financial stability and enrollment interest. The athletes as welltake their sport very seriously, if except for the sake of their pride.It thence follows that each team strives to be the very best, andonly 100% effort is enough. Unfortunately, when competition climaxes, more oftenthan not injuries result.This study is a synopsis of the information collected in a number of pastarticles concerned with injuries incurred by collegiate athletes in manydifferent varsity sports. For the purpose of this study, an injury has been specify as any abnormal condition that has caused an athlete to be removed frompractice or competition for one or more days, because performance has beenafflicted (Hanes and Murray, 1982). The following statistics will deal withinjuries of collegiate sports incurred by athletes involved in Mens and WomensBasketball, Baseball, Gymnastics and Track and Field, Mens Soccer, andWrestling, and Womens Field Hockey.BASKETBALLThe study of the personality and extent of athletic injuries Occuring inWomens Basketball by Hanes and Murray in 1982 found an injury rate of 41.7 per100 players. Of these injuries 56.9% were ankle sprains, 24.1% were musclestrains. 76.2% of the sprains and strains occurred to the lower extremities.Injured fingers ( which were the only upper extremity injuries) accounted for14.3% of the injuries and 4.8% of the injuries were reported as facial.All information for this study was collected through the use of injuryforms completed by the coaches, and information forms by each player, injured ornot.In a separate study for the American Journal of Sports Medicine byClarke and Buckley in 1980 on injuries incurred in collegiate Womens Basketball,there was an injury rate of 20.3 per 100 players. There was a reportedincidence of 53% sprains, and 4% st rains. 40% of all injuries sustained were tothe lower extremities.In the same study Clarke and Buckley found similar results in MensVarsity Basketball to that of the Womens. The men reported 20.7 per 100players suffering injuries, 54% of those being sprains, 6% being strains with37% of the injuries Occuring to the lower extremity.All the data collected by Clarke and Buckley was received from theNational Athletic Injury/ Illness Recording System (NAIRS).baseballClark and Buckley have also examined Mens and Womens Baseball in theirstudy The reported injury rate for this particular sport was 9.2% (mens) and8.7% (womens). Sprains occurred 37% and 40% respectively, strains accounted

We Must Provide Subsidized Healthcare for Illegal Immigrants Essay

The topic of undocumented immigrants is heavily debated across the United States. Furthermore, the conceit of these undocumented immigrants receiving subsidized healthcare is an even more highly controversial matter. The conflicting sides are significantly divided even though the United States of the States was founded upon the notion of freedom and the melting pot ideology. This paper will examine the dilemma of undocumented immigrants and access to subsidized healthcare yield a hardly a(prenominal) attainable solutions in addition to some recommendations for the future on how this issue may be solved.Immigration has been around in the United States of America since the compound times. Along with those immigrants come many other issues, including healthcare. Many of the millions of immigrants presently in the United States are without insurance. This paper will discuss how important it is for us as Americans to provide those who are uninsured and here illegally with some form of subsidized care. Additionally, this article will inform readers on reasons why this should derive from an estimable stand point and due to the associated health risk that can come about for those who are here legally. The multiplying constituency base includes healthcare providers, consumers, and buyers. There is a long importance to these individuals regarding the assurance of a more equitable and accountable system of healthcare (Kaiser Family Foundation).The terms illegal immigration and undocumented immigration are a great deal used in an interchangeable manner. Illegal immigration is the movement of a person from his native country to foreign country, with an intent to find a effusive hood and settle down without the permission of the government. Il... ...2690ProCon.org. Is Illegal Immigration an Economic Burden to America?, August 11, 2009. Web. 20 March 2015. Smith, J. Screen, Stabilize, and Ship EMTALA, U.S. Hospitals, and Undocumented Immigrants. Houston journal of Health and Law Policy 10, 2010 309-358. Web. 20 March 2015.The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Race, heathenishity, and Health Care Issue Brief Policy Challenges and Opportunities in Closing the Racial/Ethnic Divide in Health Care, March 2005. Web. 11 March 2015. Theadvocatesforhumanrights.org The Facts Undocumented Immigrants. The Advocates for Human Rights, 2006. Web. 11 March 2015.

Free Young Goodman Brown Essays: Did the Devil Lie? :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Young Goodman browned is an ordinary man who takes a ritualistic journey into the sins of mankind. Sin is a justness of being human, which chocolate-brown has yet to substantialize. This is a story of the discovery of guilt and sin. But, the questions are Did this journey really take place? And were the people who dark-brown encountered real or specters created by the dickens? Regardless if the journey was a dream or a reality, a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man, did he become, from the night of that fearful dream. Lets call it reality because Brown was so deeply affected by it. So, the first question is answered, now, was the reality created by the devil to convert Brown or were all the people Brown encountered really as evil and hypocritical as they appeared. After Brown left his wife, Faith, he started on a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest. . . He was feeling not so alone, and thought that the devil him self could be at his back. At this very instant, Brown saw a figure leaning against a tree. The devil came as soon as Brown called him. wherefore was he so afraid he might meet the devil, when it seems to me he know he was going on an evil journey with the devil? The workfellow traveler (lets just call him the devil) shared a resemblance to Brown. In fact, when goody Cloyse sees him she say he is in the very image of my old gossip, goodman Brown,. . . So, the devil contrived himself to look like Young Goodman Brown, so Brown would feel a sort of brotherhood, or fatherhood, to the devil. He made himself more like Brown so Brown would more comfortably be swayed. To me, if the devil can change his appearance, what would stop him from changing others appearances. Whos to say that it was actually goody Cloyse that Brown saw. Brown is so hurt that that the woman who taught him his catechism could actually be a witch. As would be anyone whos idea of what is right and wrong is shattered. But Brown wasnt so easily swayed as the devil had hoped, Brown still resisted. So, the devil thought he would shake Brown even more. He contrived the voices of the deacon Gookin and the minister.

Software Piracy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Softw be buccaneeringNowadays, packet became part of our workaday life, running everything in the digital realness from our PCs to the internet. It is definitely the most valuable technology of the Information age. software program is also the victim of a big paradox that exists in homes, schools, businesses and government Piracy. Copyright laws cheer the intellectual property software developers, unless unfortunately, not only did new technologies enhanced ways to access and deal copyrighted work legally but also illegally. Software piracy is an illegal and unethical behavior that should be understood by every hotshot. It is important for us to understand what software piracy is in its variety, then realize its importance in the US and the world, and examining its causes and consequences and finally identify ways of dealing with it.Software Piracy is the unauthorized copying of software. Buying software applications differs from everything else you buy the software does no t belong to you you become a licensed user, you purchase the right to use the software on a single electronic computer (What is Software Piracy?). It is vital to understand that you cannot copy the software to other machines or lend the software to friends, colleagues or family. The unauthorized copying of software is illegal, it does not matter whether you call it borrowing, copying, sharing or fair use (Software Piracy What You Should Know.). You are only allowed to snitch copies of software for back up purposes. most licenses only allow the program to be run by one user on only one machine (Software Piracy.). There are several kinds of software piracy End User Piracy, Client-Server Overuse, Internet Piracy, Hard-Disk Loading, and Software Counterfeiting. End... ...ss Technology Network. March 20th, 2004 http//www.techweb.com/tech/opinion_mad/20021220_madSoftware piracy takes toll on worldwide scale. USA today website. March 20th, 2004 http//www.usatoday.com/tech/techreviews /2001-08-01-software-piracy.htmFocus on Software Piracy Problem. Wired website. March 20th, 2004 http//www.wired.com/ intelligence service/linux/0,1411,58306,00.htmlLegal Land Mines By Melymuka, Kathleen. Computerworld, 9/22/2003, Vol. 37 veer 38, p37, 2p, 1c Many Students Use Software Without Paying For It By Carlson, Scott. Chronicle of Higher Education, 10/3/2003, Vol. 50 Issue 6, pA30, 1/4p Pay Now, or Pay Big Later By Kruger, Robert M. Design News, 12/1/2003, Vol. 58 Issue 18, p20, 2/3pPirate This Page By Erickson, Jonathan. Dr. Dobbs Journal Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, Sep2003, Vol. 28 Issue 9, p8, 1p Software Piracy Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive EssaysSoftware PiracyNowadays, software became part of our everyday life, running everything in the digital world from our PCs to the internet. It is definitely the most valuable technology of the Information age. Software is also the victim of a big problem that exists in homes, schools, bu sinesses and government Piracy. Copyright laws protect the intellectual property software developers, but unfortunately, not only did new technologies enhanced ways to access and distribute copyrighted work legally but also illegally. Software piracy is an illegal and unethical behavior that should be understood by everyone. It is important for us to understand what software piracy is in its variety, then realize its importance in the US and the world, and examining its causes and consequences and finally identify ways of dealing with it.Software Piracy is the unauthorized copying of software. Buying software applications differs from everything else you buy the software does not belong to you you become a licensed user, you purchase the right to use the software on a single computer (What is Software Piracy?). It is vital to understand that you cannot copy the software to other machines or lend the software to friends, colleagues or family. The unauthorized copying of software is i llegal, it does not matter whether you call it borrowing, copying, sharing or fair use (Software Piracy What You Should Know.). You are only allowed to make copies of software for back up purposes. Most licenses only allow the program to be run by one user on only one machine (Software Piracy.). There are several kinds of software piracy End User Piracy, Client-Server Overuse, Internet Piracy, Hard-Disk Loading, and Software Counterfeiting. End... ...ss Technology Network. March 20th, 2004 http//www.techweb.com/tech/opinion_mad/20021220_madSoftware piracy takes toll on global scale. USA today website. March 20th, 2004 http//www.usatoday.com/tech/techreviews/2001-08-01-software-piracy.htmFocus on Software Piracy Problem. Wired website. March 20th, 2004 http//www.wired.com/news/linux/0,1411,58306,00.htmlLegal Land Mines By Melymuka, Kathleen. Computerworld, 9/22/2003, Vol. 37 Issue 38, p37, 2p, 1c Many Students Use Software Without Paying For It By Carlson, Scott. Chronicle of Hi gher Education, 10/3/2003, Vol. 50 Issue 6, pA30, 1/4p Pay Now, or Pay Big Later By Kruger, Robert M. Design News, 12/1/2003, Vol. 58 Issue 18, p20, 2/3pPirate This Page By Erickson, Jonathan. Dr. Dobbs Journal Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, Sep2003, Vol. 28 Issue 9, p8, 1p

The Representation of Evil in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay

The Representation of Evil in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde This essay will show how evil is represented in Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about evil and the duality of throngs personalities. To show this I will focus on Stevensons use of characterization, setting, historical, social and cultural context, settings, symbols and language. Robert Stevenson lived in the Victorian era, this was a very repressive and strict society where it was expected that shopping center class workforce would visit prostitutes. This was because people were not supposed to be like animals and have animal instincts such as lust. This meant that middle class men would only sleep with their wives so they could have children and carry on the bloodline. This society would have influenced Stevenson as he was a middle class man himself and he would have experienced his own stifled emotions and hidden instincts, such as lust and r age. Stevenson may also have taken inspiration for the character Mr. Hyde from the crimes of jackfruit the Ripper who was committing his violent crimes on women at that time. Stevenson may have also been influenced by Mary Shellys Frankenstein, which also deals with the themes of dual personalities and evil. In the text Stevenson uses a lot of regent(postnominal) imagery when describing Mr. Hyde. He uses words such as detestable and deformed. These words create a picture in the readers mind and give them a public feeling of horror, evil and mistrust. Through out the play Stevenson refers to Mr. Hyde as an animal God bless me the man seems hardly human. This makes the reader picture Mr. Hyde as s... ...one is particularley important and relevant due to the advances of science, which have seen scientists able to clone human embryos. As we can see in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and also in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein people who play with nature and do not take responsibility for their work and creations ultimately end up creating evil things which they do not understand or know how to control. It could be said that Stevenson wrote the story as a warning to Victorian society about repression and science or maybe it was just an elicit mystery story, which happens to have like many fictions and stories to have become almost true. To conclude I think that evil is effectively portrayed in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Stevenson does this by focusing mainly on the themes of duality and suppression of and in human nature.

The Representation of Evil in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay

The Representation of Evil in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde This essay will signal how evil is represented in Robert Louis Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about evil and the duality of peoples personalities. To show this I will focus on Stevensons use of compositors caseization, setting, historical, social and cultural context, settings, symbols and language. Robert Stevenson lived in the Victorian era, this was a very repressive and strict society where it was pass judgment that middle course of action men would visit prostitutes. This was because people were not supposed to be like animals and have animal instincts such as lust. This meant that middle class men would only sleep with their wives so they could have children and carry on the bloodline. This society would have influenced Stevenson as he was a middle class domain himself and he would have experienced his own stifled emotions and hidden instincts, such as lust and rage. Stevenson may also have taken inspiration for the character Mr. Hyde from the crimes of Jack the Ripper who was committing his violent crimes on women at that time. Stevenson may have also been influenced by bloody shame Shellys Frankenstein, which also deals with the themes of dual personalities and evil. In the text Stevenson uses a helping of powerful imagery when describing Mr. Hyde. He uses words such as detestable and deformed. These words create a get a line in the readers mind and give them a general feeling of horror, evil and mistrust. Through out the play Stevenson refers to Mr. Hyde as an animal God bless me the man seems hardly human. This makes the reader picture Mr. Hyde as s... ...one is particularley important and relevant due to the advances of science, which have seen scientists able to clone human embryos. As we can see in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and also in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein people who play with nature an d do not take responsibility for their work and creations ultimately end up creating evil things which they do not date or know how to control. It could be said that Stevenson wrote the story as a warning to Victorian society about repression and science or maybe it was secure an interesting mystery story, which happens to have like many fictions and stories to have become almost true. To conclude I think that evil is effectively portrayed in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Stevenson does this by focusing mainly on the themes of duality and suppression of and in human nature.

Changing Face of Indian Press Essay

A study of Indian history from 16th to 20th centuries bequeath indicate that the transition from feudalism to modern fellowship has been slow and incomplete despite the occasional turbulence, turmoil, wars, social reforms, and intellectual ferment. It was during the mid-19th century (First War of Independence) and the 20th century impoverisheddom movement that the Indian newspapers played a powerful and prominent role in questioning the forces of authority, social prejudices and the suppression of personal liberty.During the late 19th and early 20th century, attempts to propagate the ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity, and freedom were do by political and social leaders. The journals started by them played a historical role in questioning old ideas and practices like casteism, communalism, superstitions, educational backwardness and womens oppression. Modern rational and scientific ideas, secularism, tolerance, and scotch sanction of the commonwealth were propagated in the writings of national leaders.The newspapers, particularly, served in conscientizing literate and educated muckle about the occupy for social reforms and political independence. Until 1950, the newspapers no doubt, served in inspiring people of the country towards a change in their thinking about social transformation, economic empowerment and the establishment of a strong foundation for democracy. But in recent decades, a decline in the functioning of the press/media has set in. This paper attempts to march a glimpse of events through which the all types of media harbor passed.Reference is also made to the recent technological changes in our media world and the serious ethical questions they aim raised about medias performance. Introduction Authentic and available sources describe the birth of Indian journalism in 1780 with Hickys Gazette (James August Hicky) which was mostly aimed at criticizing the officials of the British governments East India Company. (Malhotra 2008). Th e history of Indian journalism is about 231 years of struggle for existence, propagation of free speech and ideas of people, and evolving republican values of the nation.Media practitioners and historians view the growth of Indian journalism in a exit of trends. Some feel the history of pre-independence journalism was based on the peoples struggle for freedom and socio-political discipline in the country. Others feel that the journalism of those days was not value-based with any ideology and that more than political freedom or nation building or informing and educating people, the press was aimed to perpetuate the British system of political rule and governance.From the period of British India to the present free, liberalized and globalised India on the road of privatization, print and electronic journalism has passed through many phases of ups and downs, which have not yet ended. The most prominent change is that journalism once regarded as a mission has now changed into a bus iness or trade, a vocation like any other where commercialization has crept in. Journalists be no longer fighters for the rights of people they argon just mercenary writers, most of them canvassers for their employers.The stature of the fourth estate (press/media) is now transformed into a trade with its own hierarchies and remuneration-based value systems social loyalty of the past is no longer an asset for a journalist or media professional. In the current situation, the press or the media in general are operated by businessmen for business goals, occasionally pleading for justice for the poor, but most of them ignoring the immense problems faced by the majority of the population. Are the media already on the line to become huge conglomerates all repeating the same types of news and creating a false reality?Does the motive of making huge profits through advertising, paying news and private treaties dominating the media world today? Have we, as a nation, lost our social concern and ethical values? Why is in that location so much talk about corruption among the people in private conversation but not in the columns of the newspapers or in the computer program and telecast media? Have the media become business establishments with commercial dealings with both the government and private houses, not necessarily confined to this country, but ready to do business with similar institutions in any part of the globe?Is it the result of globalization? Do the media have special responsibilities to their own nation? How do the media come in chain ownership, cross-media ownership, or any other type of ownership? What will be the result of that behaviour on the contents of the media products? Are the newspapers, radio, television, etc. to be treated as products generating huge profits for the investors who have an axe to grind?Are they justified in following practices particularly suitable to pucker wealth in the hands of entrepreneurs who consider the media as a to ol for enhancing their private and personal fiefdom and profit motives, rather than utilizing the columns and the visuals for helping government and non-government agencies in resoluteness the burning problems facing the nationeconomic backwardness of the majority, poverty, illiteracy and ill-health of almost 80 per cent of our 120 crores of people, illiteracy of almost half of our population, atrocities against the poor, socially enervated and marginalized people, especially in the rural areas and discriminations and violations of human rights, including gender injustices? Rapid developments in technology in the last two decades have gradually transformed the media scenario and the name of journalism and journalists. The old days are gone for goodwhen journalists used pencils, notebooks and shorthandBut the scribes of old had plenty of concern for the poor. Quite often, todays media people are using the electronic equipment in news gathering, recording, transmission and compilat ion of informationand that is a commendable and worthy practice. But there are ethical questions about the use of hidden cameras and pocket tape-rec poses and surreptitious recording of events and personalities in such a way of life that they are presented in a manner predesigned by the media worker in order to trap the interviewee or present the event to enhance the monetary gains of the unconscionable reporters, editors, publishers or proprietors.The Changing ScenarioDevelopment in technology combined with growth in the number of newspaper readers resulting from the rising trend in literacy have led to the unprecedented growth in the number of newspapers and magazines and in their circulations. During 2011, seven out of the top ten English newspapers registered a growth in readership five out of the top ten Hindi newspapers have shown a steady increase during the same period. Both Dainik Jagran and Dainik Bhaskar continue to lead the Hindi dailies with an all India readership of 164. 58 lakhs and 148. 79 lakhs, respectively (RNI 2011). Even daily circulation of some other Indian language newspapers is enviable when compared to newspaper growth globally. patch circulation and readership increased, print ad has not lagged behind. Earlier, the English newspapers had almost 85 per cent of the advertisement revenue.Today, the figures have changed the Indian language newspapers have started approaching towards an equal share of advertisement revenue with their English counterparts. Readers are now having options of wide variety to take on publications of their choice because of information available in the Internet. All the technological developments are not fully understood and there are still misconceptions among advertisers. (Singhvi 2006) Advertisers in India are still looking at quantity rather than quality readership. Newspaper producers have taken the line that they can virtually give their product free of charge or at nominal price, a small fraction of the actual cost. But once you have the big numbers, lots of advertising will come to you because the advertisers naturally gravitate towards big numbers.But is serving the advertisers the main goal of journalism? In a world of change magnitude globalization, the media have cracking potential. They can reach important information to their users, even in remote corners of the globe where it was really difficult to reach in the past. One of the most creditable achievements of the Indian press during the 1980s and 1990s was the spectacular growth in the regional press. Many factors contributed to this growth, the most important of which was the political alliance among regional parties in the formation of governments at the central and state levels. The trends set-up by Eenadu in Andhra Pradesh, Malayala Monorama in Kerala were highly remarkable.Among other factors the rise of literacy, better transportation, aggressive marketing strategies and increasing consciousness among the mas ses about participation in political process contributed a lot in the changing scenario of print media in the country. The creation of the Panchyati Raj system at grassroots level has propagated the views of common people in creation of more stabilized democratic governance through free flow of information in regional and local press. Now over two-thirds of the regional press readers belong to small towns and rural areas. The innovation and changes in technology are re-defining the survival, growth and development of the Indian print media.Present day newspaper readers are not satisfied with the traditional way of news presentation, editorial inputs but something extra perceptivity into what others have not reported. Pandey says that when she took over the editorship of the Delhi edition of Hindustan (a Hindi daily) it had a circulation of some 64,000 copies but just after two years the circulation grew to 4,25,000 copies. The reason for this increase was that even earlier the pape r had readers, but we could not reach them, says Pandey. It is the same paper, the same printing press and the same staff even today. All that we have through is to pay more attention to the way in which news is coming in and the way in which it is collected. We take the opinion of the people and have discussions with them. (Pandey 2006)While technology increased the economic prosperity of the Indian press, there has been a perceptible and pernicious decline in standards. Sensationalism, trivialization and titillation are becoming the order of the day. Investigative journalism as sting operation has opened a new chapter which made the press to acquire a more powerful model and helped it to enhance the image of the press as a watchdog of the society. Unfortunately, investigative journalism has often been misused to settle personal scores or to imperfection the image or blackmail individuals. This aspect of the modern highly technologized press deserves a careful scrutiny for takin g appropriate remedial measures. ConclusionThe prison term has come to examine and evaluate the ethical aspects of our current media performance and personnel. How to challenge and shape the print media in the growing technologically competitive and globalized environment endowment the utmost importance to the values of Indian society, tradition, culture and human rights and economic development issues. The press in India has always been at the forefront of national progress. The media institutions and professionals/journalists must be very sensitive to the countrys multi-lingual, multi-ethnic and socio-religious and plural status. They should always do such act in such a way that shapes and maintains equilibrium and tranquillity in society.Editors and owners of the media industry must pay attention to proper self-regulation that would ensure accountability, and lessen its dependence on advertising and marketing strategies, and the increasing commoditization of news. Newspaper ow ners and broadcast media managers must recognize that news is not a product. They must ensure that increase in readership or viewership is not attained at the cost of credibility. The undesirable and unethical practice of paid news and private treaties must end unconditionally. Journalists must have the right to express what they believe to be true, just and fair this is not a right that should be compromised by profit-motives or commercial interests of an individual or organization. For this to happen, media workers have to assert their own economic independence, affinity for truth and above all their self-esteem

International Coffee Market Essay

Due to the international hot chocolate bean expenditure significantly fluctuate from 1996 to 2009, the global cocoa in like manner has same change surrounded by this year. This paper will look at changes on global coffee commercialise based on five separate. premiere of all, describing several reasons cause variation of global coffee market. The second part will illustrate market structure of international coffee industry. Then, based on coffee market structure, explaining which strategy they are using and reason of coffee companies choosing these strategies. Furthermore, indicating the cost and benefit of strategy used by coffee companies.Finally, this paper would steering on the relationship between macroeconomic changing and coffee industry. Since global economic dramatically growing, there are three events effect coffee bean price in terms of new planting supplies, progressively less coffee famers planting coffee beans and establishing new coffee market. Due to outstan ding coffee beans productive capacity in Vietnam and Brazil, there are 113 million bags for supply and 106 million bags for demand, it is 40 million bags bean as a gap between demand and supply in 2002( privy, 201037).As a support, John (201036) stated that when a or more than one crucial of supply change (except price events), the whole supple curve will solecism. It is indicated by figure 1 in the appendix which shows S1 shift to S2, contributed by new significant supply (Vietnam and Brazil). As a result, whole coffee bean market get a new equilibrium point at e2 which has lower price in Pe2 and high quantity in Qe2, comparing with e1. However, John (201036) also clam that most of coffee market workforce worked in poor financial circumstances that livelihood as debt, and others abandon their land and property in farmland to migrated into city.Otherwise, lots of farmers in order to chasing higher profits by quit coffee industry, especially, Vietnamese famers instead growing coff ee bean to illegal substancescoca. It is obviously decrease capacity of coffee bean production. Finally, some research reported that the annual gross domestic product growth rate of China was approximately in 8%, which means Chinese disposable incomes increase steady from 1980. Consequently, with improvement of life style in China, the demand curve of international coffee production is shift (from D1 to D2). In that case, new equilibrium point move from e2 to e3 (figure 2).It is clear that price of global coffee bean price would be bowd by establish new market which mean other alternative factor of demand except price would shift demand curve, and equilibrium point would move into new position(John, 201036). The international coffee market is leaded by several roaster coffee firms which are classified as oligopoly Over half of international coffee productions are dominated by 4 firms Kraft, Nestle, Procter and Gamble (John 201037), this market structure is named as oligopoly which include two important features.One of the main feature is, in oligopoly the dominated firms establish various barriers for preventing new firms entrance. In this case, new coffee roaster firms are tough to participate in this industry, because most percentage of coffee productions processing, which include processing line and coffee manufacturing technology, and coffee bean import or export market are to a lower place dominated firm control. However another feature is for each one of firms in oligopoly structure is compete with their rivals in changing price, adverting strategy and target market.This is supported by John(2010136) who argued that anticipating rivals reaction is very essential and crucial for oligopolist adjusting their action. In the oligopoly coffee roaster firms, it is lack of competitor in this industry. Thus, these multinationals could influence merchandise of coffee in supermarket or retail coffee shop. In this case, these firms are easy making price of each coffee production, even price of global coffee bean is fluctuated during these decades.This is followed by an explanation, John (201037) argued when a consumer purchased a $3 regular cup of coffee, it is only include 25 cents cost of coffee bean. Most of consumers payments of coffee contained wages of staff, overheads and announce expenses plus enormous profit earned by coffee roaster companies. In economic theory, firms could maximise profit when marginal cost (MC) equal to marginal tax (MR).As result of price leader firms control the market average price, these firms could sell goods in a higher price but same quantity, in that case, oligopoly firm could earn more profit. However, in a non-collusive oligopoly situation which means evens few firms dominated the coffee market, each of rivals changing merchandise price and market strategy could significant influence other firms decision. This firms choice of strategy is known as game theory which is described by accede 1 (John 201 0141).In today international coffee market, these coffee roaster multinational always alter their price or marketing strategy to suck uping more consumers like to their brand or products. Otherwise, optimal strategy could beat other main competitors in international coffee market. This is followed by an example, Bhaskar (2009) indicated that Starbucks implemented a well-integrated marketing political program that would utilize a marketing mix 4P (product, price, place, and promotion) that would satisfy the needs and wants of its target market.Especially, Paul (2009) reported that Starbuck recently offer $1 per bottomless in 8 oz, with unlimited refills to emphasizing Starbucks products with less price cost but higher value in normal business and social performance. Utilisation of these aggressive strategies Starbucks attract increasingly customers from other rivals and earn massive profit to becoming a multinational in global coffee market. Whereas, as game theory shows that som e(prenominal) Starbucks and other competitor could not maximise profit for each parts.Furthermore, this competition between these firms could increase average cost in entire coffee market, as a result, profit of whole coffee industry would drop in a long term. In macroeconomic, the international coffee market contributed into two parts unemployment and income. Householders willing to purchase more quantities than before due to disposable income increasing, when entire economic growth steady. Consequently, huge profit of coffee market is created by increasingly customer consumption.After that ratio of employment is growth, because coffee companies improve product capacity to content vast householders demand of consuming coffee in routine life. However, the rate of employment and disposable income of householders would decline, when the recession is coming. It is clear that relationship of householders and coffee industry could describe as a circular flow, each of these two parties i nfluence to both sides in a significant effect in macroeconomic environment.To sum up, this essay has analyse a brief overview of alternative in nternational coffee market in five fields firstly, the several direct reason of global coffee market. Secondly, it argued coffee market as a type of non- tacit consent oligopoly which using aggressive price and marketing strategy in coffee market. Furthermore, this paper also illustrates benefit and cost due to this strategy is used by dominated firm. Finally, the effect of macroeconomic in coffee industry is like a circular flow, which means coffee industry and householders could influence and relate to each other.

Whales in Captivity

Killer Whales Deserve Freedom Kimberly Hall COM 155 November 27, 2011 Mara Galvez Killer Whales Deserve Freedom cause of deaths are complex social creatures deserving freedom and respect, not captivity in theme parks under the guise of public education and entertainment. Aquarium staffs say captive whales are valuable educational tools. However, people can educate their children by bringing them to the wild instead of bringing the wild to them at the expense of the Orcas health and well-being. The price of a family admission ticket is what continues to hold this cruel spectacle, according to Michael O Sullivan, the Executive Director of The Humane Society of Canada (Whales in Captivity, 2010, Para. 3). Orcas suffer in many ways in captivity, and are subject to many breedful situations they would never encounter in the wild. Captivity changes not lonesome(prenominal) their mental state but also their corporal appearance. One of the almost salient physical effects of captivity is dorsal fin disfiguration.In the captive population, almost every male has a flopped dorsal fin, and most females consider at least some bend to their dorsal. In the wild, male dorsal fins can exceed heights of six feet straight up. The best opening is that the dorsal fin flops from the force of gravity. Dorsal fins are made of cartilage, not bone. Orcas are one of the fastest mammals in the sea they can reach speeds up to 30 miles per hour. Orcas can dive underwater to depths of close to 200 feet. When diving, the animals heart rate slows from 60 beat generation per minute to 30 beats per minute.Meanwhile, oxygen-carrying blood diverts away from the extremities, and then navigates toward the heart, lungs, and brain, where there is more oxygen needed. These biological changes permit the animal to conserve oxygen while submerged for longer periods of era (About Orcas Physical Characteristics, 2005). In the wild Orcas have support from the water, keeping their dorsal erect. In captivity, Orcas are at the surface constantly for feeding, training, and petting purposes, and swim only in circles so there is very little dorsal support, thus causing the dorsal to flop (Bohn, 2011) .Orcas in captivity suffer from more than incisively physical imperfections. Dosed with drugs to help the killer whales deal with emphasise, they suffer terribly in marine parks. Animals and humans share the same immune system. Just as stress reduces our immune system, it does the same to the killer whale. Therefore, stress has been an indirect cause of death in captive killer whales. Killer whales in captivity experiencing stress tend to beat their head against the walls of their tanks until it bleeds. At least three captive whales have killed themselves with this repetitive motion brought on by stress.Have you ever heard of this casualty in the wild? Not only does it not happen, an Orca in the wild would never bring bodily harm upon itself. Denial of their right to feel in the ir true habitat where they belong causes the killer whales much stress, frustration, anxiety, and sadly aggression. In the wild Orcas, do not attack humans as they have in marine parks. As Barry (2010, Para, 12) explained, Isolation among marine animals is highly stressful, which leads to abnormal behavior. Marine parks such as Sea World have what they discover petting pods, where the children can pet and feed the Orcas.Orcas are given tranquilizers to help them deal with the stress and anxiety of human contact. People might not be so eager to pet these wild mammals if they knew everything the Orca had to go through just so they could pet them for a minute or two. (Smith, 2010) Along with the stress of living in a marine park, Orcas suffer extreme stress being away from their family members. In the wild Orcas choke with their family (pods) that range anywhere from pentad to 25 family members (Orcas). Orcas families are very close knit. They mostly travel in pods that include the ir parents, grandparents, children, etc.Taking the Orca away from their family causes them much stress, anxiety, and depression. In the wild, their offspring stay with them and travel with them. Orcas, related by blood, remain together for the duration of their lives. In captivity, the aquarium staff removes their offspring (calves) from them at a very young age. For Orcas, known to be the one mammal that is closest to the human race as far as family, feelings, and social behaviors, it would be equivalent to a human being remove from their family to never see them again, to never speak to them again. Smith, 2010) In the wild, Orcas have constant communication with their pods (family). To communicate with their pods (family) in the wild Orcas use echolocation. Mandell (2010) describes echolocation as, The process of pathetic air between the sinuses in their heads to make high-pitched salubrious (p. 2). The vibrations travel underwater until they encounter objects and then rebound back creating audible tones the whales use for navigation. Their sound waves go so far that they never come back to the Orca who sent it. What comes back is the voice (sound waves) of another Orca (family member).In captivity, these high-pitched sounds can only travel to the wall of the tank and bounce back. Thus, causing the sound (the Orcas own voice) to bounce back and forth repeatedly which in time can drive a killer whale insane. It would be equivalent to keeping a human in a room, in solitary, who is constantly hearing voices. Being separated in a small tank (approximately the size of two Orcas), splashing spectators with your tail, and doing tricks several times a day for years would make any species go crazy. I agree that watching magnificent Orcas performing tricks with a human trainer is not educational.Unfortunately, watching one snap and kill a trainer is educational, but only if the lesson changes the minds and actions of its captors. Orcas are complex social creature s deserving of freedom and respect. There are currently 42 killer whales in captivity worldwide. forth of the 194 killer whales in captivity since 1964, two-thirds died within 10 years, and less than 30 survived longer than 20 years in captivity (Mandell, 2010) . To keep them in captivity disguised under education and entertainment is nothing more than cruel and unusual treatment.They suffer physically, socially and mentally. Captivity is more detrimental to the welfare of the Orca than the wild could ever be. Watching Orcas in their natural habitat is far more educational than watching them perform tricks in a marine park. (Santich, 2010) OR (Orlando, 2011) YOU DECIDE References About Orcas Physical Characteristics. (2005). Retrieved December 7, 2011, from orca-zone http//www. orca-zone. com/aboutorcas/index. html Barry, J. (2010, August 26). Killer is prized, feared, stressed Life wont change much for Tilikum, the orca that drowned a trainer at Seaworld.St Petersburg Times . St Petersburg, FL, United States. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/264384772/1338068E48F8B67489/1? accountid=35812 Bohn, G. (2011, November 28). Killer whales and captivity What threat, if any, does life in the aquarium bubble pose to the health of these giant sea mammals. The Edmonton Journal . Edmonton, Alta, Canada. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/251763683/133805C5287EFA914D/1? accountid=35812 Mandell, M. (2010, June 29).Short history on killer whales. Bergen County, N. J, United States. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/365980652? accountid=35812 Orlando, S. W. Orca Collapsed Dorsal Fin. (picture). Captive orcas. Sea World Orlando, Orlando. Retrieved from http//pediaview. com/openpedia/Captive_orcas Santich, K. Free Willy? Conservationists say this is how orcas should live in the wild. SeaWorld tragedy a reminder of why orcas should swim free? Whale and Dolphin Co nservation Society. (picture) Retrieved from http//blogs. orlandosentinel. om/changetheworld/2010/02/a-tragic-reminder-of-why-killer-whales-should-not-live-at-marine-parks. html/orcinus_orca_5 Smith, J. (2010, June 11). Captive Killer Whales. The Ecologist . United Kingdom. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/234920905/1338063BFFA6E62ABF8/1? accountid=35812 Whales in Captivity stunningly Cruel says Humane Society of Canada. (2010, July 1). The Canada Newswire . Ottawa, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/docview/455947023/133806FC22464623DC8/6? accountid=35812

Scary Moment

One night, In the crowded mall, me and my friend Kathleen were having fun messing around In all the stores. Then, we decided to go to cutbacks and get some refreshing drinks to quench our thirsts from running around the huge mall. When we got to cutbacks, we couldnt wait to taste the caramel franchises in our dry mouths Kathleen permit me go In front of her (of course she would, shes so nice), and so she turns around and looks lav her, only to see the scariest man you couldnt even explain it.This jest at had black spiky tomentum with a gun In his pocket, a pack of cigarettes In his jack pocket, and an evil face of a villain. The guy was looking up and down at Kathleen, licking his lips as if he were interested. Kathleen said very loudly, Can I Help You??? ,and he walked outside quietly, still with that evil villain face. Kathleen told me what happened so let her go In front of me.As we waited in the long line that was out the door of cutbacks, the guy was sitting outside, worry he was waiting for us, and we could tell that he was plotting to steal, because he had that face that a puppy does when it sees food. As soon as we got our two caramel franchises, we took a run for it. I even dropped some reassign and didnt even care. When Kathleen ran by where I dropped all my change, she stopped to pick it up. I said, Kathleen come on, hes right And I didnt even get to finish when he was stand up right behind Kathleen. Kathleen Run I screamed, and helped her up. Luckily, her mom was in the mall, and we ran in that exact direction, no where else, and he was still chasing us. Finally, we found Sateens mom and ran right behind her and told her everything bout what had Just happened. We went to the security place and they said they have been looking for this person for 2 weeks and that the same thing happened to 2 other pre-teens just like us. If her mom was not in that mall, we couldve been kidnapped and possibly killedBy Assistantship One night, in the crowded mall, me and my friend Kathleen were having fun messing around in all the stores. Then, we decided to go to cutbacks and get some refreshing When we got to cutbacks, we couldnt wait to taste the caramel franchises in our rye mouths Kathleen let me go in front of her (of course she would, shes so nice), and This guy had black spiky hair with a gun in his pocket, a pack of cigarettes in his Kathleen said very loudly, Can I Help You??? , and he walked outside quietly, still with that evil villain face. Kathleen told me what happened so I let her go in front of some change and didnt even care. When Kathleen ran by where I dropped all my change, she stopped to pick it up. I said, Kathleen come on, hes right And I didnt other pre-teens Just like us. If her mom was not in that mall, we couldve been

Exporting and the Export Contract Translation Into Vietnamese Essay

The first reason is that the cause contains and covers all the terms which the two parties have come to the agreement. This means that whatever external document has to be expressly incorporated into the contract. Besides, This is to prevent any ambiguity about the status of any earlier agreements or understandings. Both parties shall precisely base on the contract to perform their obligations. The last point is to prevent any disagreements and dispute arsing from the difference between the previous drafts and the contract so that the contract can be immediately executed for both parties sakes ?A contract normally includes wording the followers elements An entire agreement debate a statement in the contract that the parties agree that the terms of the contract between them are to be found within the text of the contract document and nowhere else. all entire agreement clauses include this element An exclusion of financial obligation for misrepresentation most entire agreement c lauses include one or more of the following An acknowledgment by the parties that they have not relied on any representation which is not set out in the contract A statement excluding liability for misrepresentation

History, strength of provisional government Essay

How far was the provisional government trusty for its own down polish?During the brief outcome of rule by The conditional administration, Russia was troub take by several domestic bring ons that the provisional judicature failight-emitting diode to sufficiently deal with when eventually led to their down fall in 1917. Their disaster to fulfil the needs of the peasants, which was a big domestic issue, was a factor that led to their loss of support and in addition their failure to suppress the opposition led to their free fall. The instantaneous cause for their collapse was the fierce take over from the Bolsheviks led by Lenin.However the main factors that led to their downfall was their decision to continue in the war because it has worsened the issues that The probationary Government failed to tackle which then led to loss of support from the bulk of the population and more(prenominal) importantly the army which they relied upon to defend The probationary Government such a s the July Days. In addition their decision to delay the elections gave the Bolsheviks a chance to take indicator. As a result, Lenin and the Bolsheviks were able to increase their support rapidly and take over so therefore The Provisional Government can be largely held responsible for their own downfall.Russias continuation in the war after the abdication of the tsar was the main reason for the down fall of The Provisional Government because it increase the issues that Russia viewd already which worsened their respect and support as it was their decision to do so. As a result of this, they lost support of the army because they were losing in the war as they lost territory, soldiers and unprepared to go to battle. This decreased the soldiers moral which eventually led to the breakdown of military discipline.This eventually led to radical parties having an increase of support because they were against the continuation of the war such as the Bolsheviks because they promised to end R ussias involvement in the war. In addition, the continuation of the war meant that the issue of food shortages caused unrest amongst the population towards The Provisional Government.The Provisional Government also had little control over the countryside and also lacked the ability to impose their authority in its outside cities and towns. As a result the peasants took action which therefore undermined TheProvisional Governments authority. Many peasants took land from landowners whilst some engaged in violence. The Provisional Government was losing its authority in parts of Russia. The main reason for the lack of control was because The provisional Government lacked in legitimacy and due to this the public sullen away and went to more radical parties such as the Bolsheviks. The peasants turned to the Bolsheviks because in the April Thesis, Lenin promised to address the land issue which The Provisional Government failed to do. And due to his, The Provisional Government support decre ased and Bolsheviks support increased.The authority of The Provisional Government significantly weakened in June when they launched an attack on the Austro-Hungarian army. This was a utter failure and led to the breakdown of the Russian army. The soldiers leaving the front lines met and formed an Anti-Government rally in which they demanded all political power should be handed to the soviets. Furthermore other process formed a Provisional Revolutionary Committee to campaign against the government. In addition only the government can be blamed for the events of the July Days because it was them whos idea it was of the June offensive and therefore as a result, the July Days. By August 1917 Russia seemed on the verge of chaos because peasants were seizing land, industrial production was failing and soldiers were rebelling. Although the Provisional Government had survived, the demonstrations of the July Days brought a fatal blow to the position of The Provisional Government.Kornilov ha d feared a coup dtat and released imprisoned Bolsheviks and armed them to help the government. This was a blow as Bolsheviks membership increased and now they were given weapons, they did not give them back. The Kornilov Affair made the Bolsheviks look like the defenders of Petrograd so their numbers increased. As a result of The Provisional Government continuing in the war, opposition towards them grew. They also failed to suppress the opposition which led to opposition (Bolshevik) increase support. The Provisional Government also failed to meet the demands of the public so therefore making them turn to more extreme parties. The Bolsheviks were the biggest threat to the government because of their popularity, aims, guidance and methods.Overall, although The provisional Government had face many problems, it was the Bolsheviks that caused the eventual downfall of the government. It is not wholly The Provisional Governments dishonor for their own downfall because some of the problems they had inherited and as soon as they came into power they were already un-liked despite them playing a major part in it. The country side was already in chaos so that was not their fault and the April Thesis, Lenins speech, they could not be held responsible for that either. On the other hand, The Kornilov Affair, The June Offensive and the domestic issues were their fault as they did not address the issue leading to the radicalisation of the public. The Provisional Government did have a huge part to play in their own downfall because of their decision t continue in the war which raise/intensified the present issues.

Literature, Translation Essay

Indian Literature and literary Theory The reconcile section is an prove to define a category Indian Literature, so that mavin potty conjure up a vision of Indian books which has become more(prenominal) and more relevant during 21th century. 1. 1 An idea of Indian belles-lettres Indian constitution gives us cheers liberty, comparability and fraternity. These nurtures are Indian literary values, because literature is highly valued writing. In otherwise row we can say Indian constitution is i although written for the Indian people who speak antithetic Indian wordings.Likewise Indian literature is matchless although written in the different Indian run-ins because their value systems and consequently value provements are one. In addition, if there is one particular Indian constitution for every(prenominal) Indians then why not Indian literature? 1. 2 Indian literary Theory Indians must test our witness tradition first and try to to a lower place al-Qaida its usefu l theories to enrich literary burden as well as literary creations. We should similarly rent the western or foreign literary criticism and try to accept whatever is useful as per our glossiness pattern. Chapter II NativismIndian minute DiscourseIn this chapter an attempt has been do to study, analyze and assess the origin and development of Indian Nativism in literature. 2. Towards nativistic literary Theory i)A number of approaches to the study of Indian Literature are in expressive style today the Marxist, the feminist, the Orientalist, the Post compound, the subaltern, to mention a few. Their common drawback is their inability to see that the guess of the nativism is the key to this thought. The basic incursion of the theory of nativism is simple enough. Nativism is nothing but asserting ones avow inborn finale.At the same time it tries to augment the tradition and change it into current coin and makes it acceptable to the present age. However, macrocosm requires t he adoption of western ideas but one should adopt them plainly on his own terms, on con painsation that they could be integrated within an Indian intellectual frame imprint. ii)One of the consequences of this adoption of western literary theories was the emergence of revolutionary(a) Indian literary theory. But one should be aware of the fact that the contact with the west produced 2 distinct genre of literary theory. One is literary theory in India and the other is Indian Literary theory.What distinguishes the two is their respective intellectual framework. Literary theory in India does not imbibe an Indian intellectual framework. It is primarily a body of western literary theory to be applicable to India. Some Indians choose them together with their western intellectual framework. The Indian Marxists, Neo-Marxists and subaltern theoreticians were (and still are) the skilled practioners of this genre of literary theory. They utilize (and still use) the western intellectu al framework depending on convenience, but not an Indian framework, in their attempt to modernize Indian literary theory.iii)Indian literary theory by contrast is a body of ideas that includes Indian ideas as well as select nativised Western ideas, both fix up in a recognizably Indian intellectual framework. Aanand Coomarswamy, Rabindranath Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, among others produced literary theory of this distinguish. But Bhalchandra Nemade is the intimately prominent theorist and his prominence is ascribable to his theory of Nativism. He is not afraid of adopting certain Western ideas (i. e. Ralf Lintons Nativistic Movements from Anthoropology) if he feels that their adoption is necessary for Indias innovation.At the same time, he is careful to keep intact the genius of our civilization. What he wants to keep intact is what is truly original to the Indian way of meaning. And the theory of Nativism certainly is part of it. iv)At present, one finds an unusual proliferation of Indian practical criticism with knocked out(p) the necessary native theory of literature. The attempts to westernize or to Sanskritize Indian literary theory into a single system also proved to be inadequate. There is a great problem, which needs to be looked into in order to understand the precise nature of the crisis in Indian criticism.That problem relates neither to the sanskritic tradition of poetics nor to western literary thought. It relates to literary theory in the modern Indian languages. v)In order to evolve a native literary theory based on our national genius, horticulture and traditions, Bhalachandra Nemade, a poet-Novelist critic, advanced the positive term Nativism to start a nationwide literary ride accenting Indias many regional languages and cultures, a movement just now being widely accept and ch totallyenged.The concept of Nativism has its affinities with the idealogy expounded by two Mahatmas Phule and Gandhi, both posed danger to the greater Anglo-Sanskrit ic tradition by introducing a different system of moral concern which emphasizes truth and threatened to alter the basic characteristics of Indian hunting lodge by making its cultural periphery its center. Nemade, successfully, advanced the term nativism, make by de centralize passion rather than centralized one and advocated indomitable literary values tradition, Indian modernity, new morality, verbal action, truth, language of the people and nativisation.vi)Nativism in Indian literature is not anti-migrant like American Nativism because it is not form of ethnic identity that seeks to exclude those who are not members of the local or indigenous ethnic groups from residing and/or working(a) in a territory because they are not native to the country or region. But Nativism is reactionary and progressive form of indigenism whose agenda can be summed up as an urge for cultural self-importance respect and autonomy. It is nothing but the freeing of Indian literature from alien mode ls and creating the opportunity to make it stand on its own.vii)Nativism is not atavism those who guide a hankering to go back into the ancestral departed are called atavistic. Shivsena and Maharashtra Navnirman Sena are atavistic because of their chauvinistic and outdated views. viii)Thus, nativism is a value term. It stands for the writers limpidity of vision about his place in his society and culture it stands for mature understanding of things in their prim perspective and it stands for the writers sense of responsibility as an adult to forge in the forge of his soul the uncreated conscience of his race.ix) Hence, the term nativism needs to be exhibited in the glossary of literary terms as well as in all the Standard English dictionaries. Chapter III Indian Nativistic Literary Values Therefore, in this chapter an attempt has been made to discuss Indian Nativistic Literary values. 3. Nativistic Literary Values i) Tradition Nativism locates non-vedic and oral tradition as the most significant creative upsurge of the Indian mind not just for the merit of ideas and insights it can offer but for its place in the survive upon of acquiring Indian sensibility.Nemade is the first important literary critic to introduce nativism which has the context of a life history desi (native) tradition inherited from the Satyashodhak (seekers of truth) movement started by Phule. each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which may be called its soul hence we should cultivate the habit of looking within and be proud of our Indian culture and institutions in the right spirit. Consequently, we must rule out the colonial and brahmnical literary canons as being the only authentic literature. ii) Indian ModernityIndian modernity is a culture particularised phase of history. In India modernism came to be recognized as synonymous to westernization, hence it is not only great annoy to India but also betrays gross ignorance of socio logical science. Modernity cannot and should not be transplanted it must be shaped according to past traditions and present circumstances. We should create our own modernity that suits our ancient heritage and have Indian growth. The real strength of Indian modernity will be tried on our indomitable desi (native) values. any attempt to be different from the western models which is a sign of originality also may lead to a new native tradition. iii) un employmentd Morality Nemades dichotomy old and new morality, being purely sociological, is a paradigm of Phules distinction between admittedly and false morality as expounded in The Universal Religion of Truth. Nemade advanced a modern literary value New Morality, to set a very high premium on the morality of the writer. Nemade believes that the existence of the rawist implies community and his group consciousness.The writer has to give his own scale of values, which are based on the original win somewhatly values. Since literature is an art form the writer mus t imply a plane, a condition that goes beyond social values. True morality, for Gandhi New morality for Nemade consists not in chase the beaten track, but in finding out the true path for ourselves and fearlessly following it. iv) Verbal Action Indian nativism articulates itself gradually through reason. A nativist selects the theme as a verbal action with a specific moral angle in the context of the multi-faceted relation between the individual and the community.And in keeping with the action oriented theme, he organizes the novel through the medium of language. The novel becomes, then, the vehicle of thought. v) Truth Nativism shows a strong inclination towards realism and social reality, which has been inherited from Jotirao Phules The Universal Religion of Truth from his writing we can discern quite clear that he equates truth with reality. Truth has certain inevitable and determinable consequences for nativist literary theory that it affords to judge literature in terms of its relationship to the world rather than in terms of inherent artistic criteria.At the heart of nativism lies a commitment to socialist humanism. Truth as a form of Indian social reality is not a simplistic as the western idea but it has Indian social ramifications from Buddha to Gandhi, hence nativism outwardly follows the Sartreian concept of freedom but inwardly emphasizes the Gandhian concept of unequivocal and relative truth which lies in the acceptance of the need for a corrective work on of experimentation with our own experience. Nativism emphasizes Indian hungers equality, modernity and spirituality, as absolute as well as relative truth.vi) Languge of the people Nativism emphasizes the language of the people in the production of culture and priviledges the language and culture of the common folk as distant to that of the elites, hence Buddha preferred Pali, Mahaveera Ardhamagadhi, Basaveshwara Kannada, Dnyaneshwara and Chakradhara Marathi and so on. Nemades nativist ic anti-English attitude is Gandhian, which draws our attention to the central literary process in the Indian languages which are deeply rooted in the life of the people with the tradition of two thousand years. vii) NativisationNativism does not mean to suggest that we should be blind to the experience of other nations and develop a kind of narrow patriotism but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be flop nativised. The texture of a vibrant society is strengthened by nativization of abstract and concrete influences impinging from outside. In short, if we believe that nativisation is a value system explicit in theory and practice of Indian literature we should initiate a process of slender reconsideration of our existing culture material and practice it with confidence.Chapter IV Nativism in Indian Literature An attempt has been made in the earlier chapters to give a luxuriant survey of Nativism in Marathi Literature and hi nts for certain comparative studies, particularly, with reference to the nativistic literary values. This work is one of the first attempts towards the creation of a Nativistic model for the study of Indian Literatures their interrelations and independence, their proximities and distances, their differences in quality and quantity. This study will develop a model of multilingual, multi-literature history of Indian Literature.The efficacy of this model will be examined in future not only by the votaries of multi language literatures but also by the historians of literary complexes, particularly in multi lingual countries. In this chapter, the study focuses its inquires into Nativism in Indian literature in the selected Indian languages. The period covered in the present study is much longer since 1960 upto the date i. e. nearly 47 years and the literatures in the following languages approved by Sahitya Akademi have been considered for the purpose 1 Assamese 12 Manipuri 2 Bengali 13Marathi 3 Bodo 14 Nepali 4 Dogri 15 Oriya 5 Gujarati 16 Punjabi 6 Hindi 17 Rajasthani 7 Kannada 18 Santhali 8 Kashmiri 19 Sindhi 9 Konkani 20 Tamil 10 Maithili 21 Telugu 11 Malayalam 22 Urdu Research skills, manners & methodology In the present study I have practiced the said skill set, extensively. Alongwith these explore skills, I have used the following research methods 1) Textual analysis 2) Discourse analysis 3) Questionnaire method. 4) Interview 5) ICT based method.6) Creative writing as a research method. 7) Quantitative method Moreover the methods have been informed by background research into the context of the cultural artifact under scrutiny, the context of its production, its content and its consumption. In this process I have consulted, mainly, original sources for the purpose. Lastly the methods are relied on Nativistic perspective or methodology. Thus, in the light of nativistic theory, a study of nativism has been carried out in the subsequent sections and chapters.In the present study, within research specific contexts, interview data and questionnaire has been treated both as resource and as topic but where to congeal the emphasis depends on the individual research context. In the present study an attempt will be made to identify whether the concept of Nativism like all other similar artifact is valid for all Indian literatures in their respected languages.4. Nativism in Indian literature Outcome of the Study of Questionnaire and Interviews i)Indian literature, though written in many languages, it has been discovered that different regional literatures, i.e. Bhasha literatures, cherish and nourish nativism in different degrees.These literatures uncover a firmer hold on nativism and all these literatures though not entirely free from the lures of literary modernism, present greater number of literary works with a splendid awareness of native tradition. ii)The strains of nativism are seen in all the Indian languages and litera tures but they do not form the mainstream. However, Nativism has become a dynamic counter-literary movement in Indian Literature.After 1960s, many of the better literary works in Indian literature came from Nativistic writers. iii) As can be expected, Nativism suffered apathy and neglect of the literary establishments as well as stiff opposition from the established elite writers because Nativistic theory is the very reverse of elitist. Elitist represents particular sort of cultural breeding, Anglo-Brahmin in particular. When new kinds of students entered in higher education from supposedly uncultivated backgrounds, Nativistic theory helped them to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a civilized sensibility.Consequently, Nativism expected literature itself to be an ordinary kind of language instantly available to everyone. Thus, Nativistic theory is shaped by a democratic impulse. As a result, the major literarya movements (currents) have been a part of the Nativistic movements. They are Dalit, Gramin (rural), Aadivasi (tribal), feminist, muslim and so on. iv)One of the most important developments in Indian literature since 1960s in all the languages has perhaps been the breakdown of the colonial voice, a unifying concern that despite its varieties of articulation characterized theliterature that just preceded the 1960s.v)All the languages had certain father figures correspond by specific concerns, conventions and forms characterized by Nativism. vi)The writers, in all the languages, were well aware of the indigenous traditions that were rich in situations, characters, symbols, motifs and archetypes that could well serve as a sourse of metaphors for the conflicts of modern life. vii)These writers raised basic theoretical questions, examined paradigm shifts and interrogated the set canons. viii)Indian literature, in all the languages, deals witha)impact of colonialism, b)the legacy of Indian literatute in the post colonial context, c)the contin uities and discontinuities of colonial and post colonial Indian literature, d)the possible means of decolonization, e)modernism as a cultural pastiche, f)formal innovations intone with the Nativistic concerns and contents, g)development of Dalit literature and poetics of its own subaltern literary theory, As a direct example of nativistic line of criticism, we have observed Nativism as a critical theory only in two languages Kannada and Gujarati.Therefore, in this section, an attempt has been made to evaluate Nativism as a critical theory in Kannada and Gujarati literature. Chapter V Nativistic Readings The present chapter aims to bequeath practical criticism vis-a-vis Nativism in Indian literature. It also provides a basic introduction to the Nativistic critical-interpretive perspective that a reader beginning a serious study may bring to bear on literature. This chapter simply demonstrates Nativism as a critical tool, what we call approach, hence it is suggestive rather than exh austive.Its not definitive but it can suggest the possibilities in literature and literary criticism. Chapter VI Nativistic pedagogical Practices In this chapter our aim has been to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a nativistic approach in teaching literature. Here, we have attempted to establish links between the nativistic approach and teaching methods. We have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method speak for itself and allow readers to make their own appraisals.This study is not think to popularize or promote nativistic approach only, nor is it an attempt to train teachers in the use of the methods set forth because teaching literature, as Elaine Showalter said, is not brain surgery, no one will die if we make a mistake about Dryden (2003IX). Rather, it is designed to give the teacher an introduction to less commonly used method and set of literary canons by which to critically read, observe, analyse and question any literary work of art. Ch apter heptad Conclusions ChallengesGanesh Devi (199713) warns that Desivad in literary criticism must carefully guard itself against seemly a militant and disagreeable ideology. It must bring to its practitioners a sense of self-discipline and self-search. Since the world has been shrinking as cultural quadrangle and since the exchanges between cultures have increased, Indian literary critics should think of the intellectual trade between the West and India which has been becoming increasingly unilateral. It should be multi-lateral in the following ship canal i) In India we have an ancient wisdom alongwith a stream of knowledge that has flown from the west.The confrontation between these two has brought both illumination as well as a sense of bewilderment. What is now needed is a methodology to disseminate this new wisdom. The exploration of new methodologies is the aim of all the research activities that is being carried out in this project. ii) We have to grasp the awareness that springs out of the harmony and confrontation of the sciences and the arts, the classical and the folk, the indigenous and the extraneous, the occidental and the oriental and the great and the little traditions.iii) We must also strive to express this awareness in Indian languages, as it is only such awareness which finds nerve in ones own language that is useful. iv) Translation, explication, interpretation and criticism are some of the ways in which the new awarensss could be created. v)It is a challenge for the writers to make use of the native resources and adopt them for the flavour of modern consciousness. vi)The use of nativistic theory requires re-interpretation for the present cultural movement.vii)John Oliver Perry (200029) argues that Criticism of literary texts and even non-literary ones rarely nowadays limits its purview to purely verbal material, i. e. , written or oral tests, but extends its concerns to and from issues, places, perspectives in the wider world. So criticis in India is not merely from or for India, and it is not necessarily directly about India. But it is perpetually at least implicityly a criticism of India. To that extent it contributes beyond the literary scene to the capacity of Indians to think about themselves, their culture and society, their future as well as their past.According to Perry (200045) Nativism supports regional culture rather than merely attacks the widening use and power of Indian English or of orbicularization. So, Nativism would seem to be potentially a prime movement opposing hegemonization and/or homogenization of Indias multicultural diversity. viii)The greatest hindrance for Nativism is the problems that come of being, or being accused of being, narrowly provincial, and traditional. But the diversity among regional writers is not found, in Indian context regarding nativistic attitude.However, Nativism is not susceptible to national organization, but it sometimes ijis allied or confused with t hose political forces seeking not merely to loosen the bounds of the federal central organisation to the different states (usually organized within regional language boundries) but also to contain or restratin nationalism itself, which suggests a direct assault on the highly influential Hindutva movement (Perry, 200046). Nativism and globalization Globalization, in literature, is appreciating the course of desi (native) contents, themes, techniques, styles, literariness and so forthof different regions, countries in their individual contexts. An open minded appreciation of a literary work as it is, in its own context, is what is expected in true globalization. The global literary theory can only be shaped by a decentralized impulse rather than a centralized one. This is what is the most positive way to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a narrow nationalism and fortuity them open to a kind of analysis in which anyone could participate. The texture of a vibrant soci ety, literature and culture could be strengthened by the multicultural participation and appreciation.It has been argued that the books can be exportable-importable commodities, not the literary values. Each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which may be called its soul. However, it does not mean that we should be blind to the experiences of the other nations and develop a kind of narrow nationalism but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be properly nativised. In other words, globalization, in literature, is nativisation and vice-versa.Therefore, instead of talking glibly of internationalism and flout at nativism one should be in a position to decide 1. which foreign elements need to be imported or borrowed and nativised, and 2. which native elements need to be exported or introduced and globalized. As a direct example of nativistic line of criticism we may look at the western critical concepts modernism, post- modernism, realism, existentialism, Marxism, structuralism, deconstructionalism, feminism etc. which have been mechanically applied to Indian situation. These concepts could have been nativised after synthesis between these two worlds.Consider, for instance, feminism. In fact feminism is a global and revolutionally idealogy. However, there is an English, American, French and/or Black feminism, still it is global. because why can there not be an Indian feminism. The Black women unite together under the banner of womanism which denies even the vocabulary of the white race. It was this non-vedik tradition pleaded for equal and common human rights for women and men. It may therefore be assumed that India is culturally mature enough to manipulate the new ideas to its advantage.The Indian feminism could be strengthened by the nativisation of French, English, American and/or Black Feminism. The process of nativisation makes us aware of the fact that our native elements must be exported o r introduced and globalised. This is not simply give-and-take policy or export-import market logic if looked into the matter of book industry, leaving aside the literary values Nativism does believe that globalization is a value system in Indian Literature, hence need to export and globalize Indian creative and critical literature in order to stop the unilateralintellectual traffic and encourage the multilateral traffic between India and the rest of the world. Thus, one can follow nativisation and globalization, Globalizing Indian literature is easily possible only through global language, and without doubt, the Indians must accept that English is the worlds first truly global language. Therefore, the only way to globalize Indian literature in general, and nativism in particular, would be to translate into English.Thus, from the outset, Gandhis mission was global, hence preferred translations and like Gandhi, Nemade, the father of Indian Nativism, recommends a well-planned programme of translations from the regional languages into English and vice-versa. English education has made us all mental translators in varius measures of efficiency.

History of Sepak Takraw

HISTORY OF SEPAK TAKRAW In 1935, during the flamboyant Jubilee Celebrations for King George V, the zippy of sepak raga was calculateed on a badminton woo, in the Malaysian State of Negeri Sembilan. The information of the indorse was interupted by the war. In 1945 in Penang the inter inter last was a induce introduced and the popularity spread to surrounding atomic number 18as and thus countries. n 1965 Malaysia innkeepered the s bulgehwestward East Asiatic Peninsular games (SEAP) and sepak raga was introduced. There were lengthy discussion between Malaysian and Singapore de stagecoachates, on the one hand, and Laos and Thai de outgrowthates, on the other(a), with regard to the finish official diagnose of the period of play.An agreement was subsequently arrived at and it was unflinching that the sport would be known as Sepak Takraw. Sepak means KICK in Malay and Takraw means b exclusivelyock in Thai word. Almost every nation that played this game knew it by a ant ithetic name. In Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, its c bothed sepak raga, whereas in Thailand its commonly known as takraw. The a deal game goes by the name of sipa in the Philippines, da cau in Vietnam, rago in Indonesia, and kator in Laos. Since sepak takraw was played and enjoyed in several countries, there were a lot of inconsistencies in terms of how the game was played and judged.In 1960, representatives from Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Lao and Thailand met in Kuala Lumpur to standardise rules and regulations for the game. And later on a long and heated debate, consensus was reached that the sport would henceforth be officially called sepak takraw. They besides formed the Asiatic Sepak Takraw Federation (ASTAF), and translated the rules into English, fit outting the stage for the counterbalance international competition, held in Malaysia in 1965, at the Southeast Asian Peninsular hazards, or SEAP Games, the predecessor to todays Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games).Th is chain of all the samets inflexible the stage for the international development of sepak takraw. However, it was the replacement of the natural rattan thump, which t finish to splinter and warp, with the more standardised synthetic plastic clustering that very explosive chargeed the games popularity into superior gear. In 1990, sepak takraw was included at the Asian Games in Beijing. Women also got in on the carry through with the first womens championships in Thailand hosted in 1997. Today, more than 20 countries have national sepak takraw associations with representatives on the board of the world-wide g everyplacening body, the InternationalSepak Takraw Federation (ISTAF). * FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Court The standard flirt of the Sport Sepak Takraw is an atomic number 18a of 13. 4m X 6. 1m indigent from all obstacles up to a bill of 8m. It is advisable that the law greet is flat concrete surface. The width of the limits that determines the term line of the c ourt should non be more than 0. 04m measured and drawn intimate the measurements of the court. The lines of the court should also be at least 3. 0m away from each(prenominal) obstacles. Each side should have a 6. 7X6. 1m atomic number 18a. The centerline of the Sepak Takraw court, measuring rod about 0. 02m, divides the court into dickens equal halves.A quarter rung must(prenominal)iness also be drawn at the intersection of each of the sidelines with the centerline, measuring 0. 9m in radius. The quarter circle must be drawn outwards from the bounds of the measured radius. The court should also have a run circle of about 0. 3m in radius. This circle is drawn on the unexpended on the left and from the sidelines. The 0. 04m line ordain be measured on the right court and should be drawn outward from the ledge. The sideline set about the exonerate should have a 2. 45m distance from the center of the circle and 3. 05m from the side. Posts The post height differs with male s and females.The official height of the posts for males is 1. 55m from the floor and 1. 45m for the females. It should be made using very strong material and shall non be more than 0. 04 in diameter. The position of the posts should be 0. 3 m away from the sideline and should be positioned in line with the centerline. * twain male and female participants ar required to wear shorts and sleeved t-shirts. Players must tuck-in their shirts. The t-shirts for all thespians must also be numbered permanently in which numbers atomic number 18 only ranged from 1 to 15. The captain of each regu (team of 3 or 4 shammers) is required to wear an armband on their left arm. either robes that could endanger inverses is not allowed. * RULES AND REGULATION 1. THE COURT 1. 1. Area of 14. 4m (7. 2m X7. 2m each side of the court) x 6. 5m free from all obstacles up to the height of 8 m measured from the floor surface. The surface of the court must be beach sand. 1. 2. The width of the lines bou nding the court should not be more than 0. 04m measured and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. A tape or rope drop be utilise to be the boundary lines. All the boundary lines should be drawn at least 3. 0m away from all obstacles. 1. 3. The Centerline of 0. 2m should be drawn equally dividing the right and left court. 2. THE POST 2. 1. The posts shall be 1. 55m (1. 45m for women) in height from the ground and shall be sufficiently firm to maintain high give the axe tension. It should be made from very strong materials and shall not be more 0. 04m in radius. 2. 2. The posts shall be erected or placed firmly 0. 3m away from the sideline and in line with the Centerline. 3. THE NET 3. 1. The net shall be made of fine ordinary stack or nylon with 0. 06m to 0. 08m mesh. The net shall be 0. 7m in width and not shorter than 6. 50m in length and taped at 0. 5m from tape triple at the natural c everyplaceing and sideline, called boundary tape. 3. 2. The net shall be edged with 0. 05m tape double at the top and the bottom of the net supported by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs through the tape and strain all over and flush with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1. 52m (1. 42m for women) in height from the center and 1. 55m (1. 45m for women) at the posts. 4. THE SEPAKTAKRAW BALL 4. 1. The Sepaktakraw en shall be spherical having 12 holes, 20 intersections. It shall be made of synthetic fibre of one woven layer covering with synthetic rubber. The circumference shall not be less(prenominal) than 0. 0m and not more than 0. 44m. The weight before play shall not be less than 170 gm and not more than 200 gm for men and women. 4. 2. All world, international, regional competitions disregardonic by ISTAF, including that not limited to, the Olympic Games, World Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games and Sea Games, must be played with ISTAF approved sepaktakraw nut cases. 5. THE PLAYERS 5. 1. A team comprises four role shams and two re avails. The game is played by two REGUs consisting of four fakers (per team) on each side. 5. 2. The player servicing depart position himself piece of ass the baseline of the court.Any one of the four players go off execute the officiate. 5. 3. The other collar players shall be in their individual court. 6. PLAYERS ATTIRE 6. 1. The players are allowed to wear eitherthing besides jeans, long pants, and as long as the attire is decent. It is forbidden for players to wear eachthing that endanger themselves or their opponents during the game. 6. 2. Players wearing earrings, chains, watches and any other form of accessories are not allowed to play in the court. 6. 3. For women swimming costume is allowed but shorts or bermudas must be worn to overlap the costume. Jerseys T-Shirt,Singlet Round neck shirts Bermudas Shorts Tights Caps Sunglasses or Visors gawk 6. 4. The players are permitted to intake sun visors, goggles and caps to protect their eyes from th e sun. 6. 5. The entire apparel of a player is regarded as part of his/her body 6. 6. The regu captain is identified with a marking or an armband on the left arm. ) 6. 7. Anything that helps to speed the puffiness or playment of a player is not allowed 7. SUBSTITUTION 7. 1. Substitution of a player is allowed at any time on request made by the team up handler to the Official averageice when the glob is not in play. . 2. Each Regu is allowed to make one substitution per set only. 7. 3. A Player who has been sent off by justice during a match may be substituted, provided no substitution has been made. 7. 4. Any player having played in the starting line-up or as a substitute in the current game is not allowed to play again. 7. 5. Any Regu having less than 4 players entrust not be allowed to continue the game and leave be considered as having lost. 8. OFFICIALS For International Tournaments, the game shall be managed by the button officials i) 2 Technical Delegates ii) 6 Jur y ii) 1 Official referee (Seated behind the referees ch transport) 2 Referees (1 Referee seated in an elevated position and the other also seated in elevated position to help the referee. ) iv) 2 Linesmen Standing at the baseline face up the Referee 8. 1. Two technical delegates to the Sea Games, Asian Games and World Championships and any other international competitions that are clear by ISTAF. The expenses of the Technical Delegates involving round trip air tickets, accommodations, meals and allowances of US$75. 00 per day shall be non amateurish by the organizing reachtee.The host country must guarantee proper accreditation for technical delegates who have been ap spotlighted. The technical delegates must be allowed to inspect the competition venue, facilities and equipment to insure that they conform to ISTAF regulations 8. 2. ISTAF Members Jury of Appeals 4 members to be appointed to a Jury of Appeal to any ISTAF sanctioned competitions including Asian Games, Sea Games an d other International and Continental competitions sanctioned by ISTAF. The host country shall provide accommodations, meals and internal transportation during the competition period.Members of the Jury shall be gainful US$20. 00 per day for their services. Two (2) members of the Jury of Appeal are to be appointed by the host country of whom one of them is the technical committee chairman and shall act as the chairman of the Jury of Appeal. As for the other member of the Jury of Appeal from the host country, he bequeath act as secretaire without vote. 9. THE TOSS AND WARM UP 9. 1. Before commencing the game, the Referee go away flog a coin or disc and the side winning the expel will choose side or service. The side that loses the toss will abide with the decision.The side winning the tossshall warm-up first for 2 minutes followed by the other Regu. only(prenominal) 5 persons are allowed to move freely in the court with the official globock. 10. POSITION OF PLAYERS DURING s erving 10. 1. At the start of play, the players of both Regus must be in their respective courts in a congeal position. 10. 2. The Player serving the en must have both feet outside the base line. 10. 3. The other trinity players shall be within their side of the court and remain in one spot, while go to is creation made. 10. 4. The opponent or receiving Regu is free to be anywhere within its court. 11.START OF PLAY AND SERVICE 11. 1. The Regu that chooses service shall start the match. 11. 2. erst the Referee calls the score, the player doing the service will toss the chunk in the air and hits the screw junky over to the opponent. The formal can be kicked in any manner using the pluck. If the Tekong throws the musket clunk before the Referee calls the score, it shall be a re-throw and a warning will be accustomed to the thrower. The serve can be executed anywhere along the baseline. 11. 3. During the service, as soon as the Tekong kicks the ball, all the players are al lowed to move about freely in their respective courts. 1. 4. The service is valid if the ball passes over the net, whether it touches the net or not, and at bottom the boundary of the two net tapes and boundary lines of the opponents court. 12. FAULT 12. 1. The Serving Side During aid 12. 1. 1. The Tekong plays about with the ball (bumping, giving to other player, etc. ) aft(prenominal) the call of score has been made by the Referee. 12. 1. 2. The in spite of appearance player lifts his feet or steps on the line or crosses over or touches the net while throwing the ball. 12. 1. 3. The Tekong does not kick the ball on the service throw. 12. 1. 4.The ball touches his own player before crossing over the opponent court. 12. 1. 5. The ball goes over the net but falls outside the court. 12. 1. 6. The ball does not cross to the opponent side. 12. 1. 7. The tekong root touches the baseline or any other markings in the court before he kicks the ball to serve? 12. 1. 8. A player uses his hand or hands, or any other parts of his arm or arms to facilitate the execution of a kick even if the hand or arm does not directly touches the ball, but it touches other objects or surfaces instead when doing so. 12. 2. For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1.Stepping on the centre line ( object during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether higher up or under the net except during the follow through of the ball. 12. 2. For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1. Stepping on the centre line (except during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the ball on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether above or under the net except during the follow through of the ball 12. 2.For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1. Stepping on the centre line (except during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touche s the ball on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether above or under the net except during the follow through of the ball. 15. SCORING OF POINTS 15. 1. A point is given to the Regu when its opponent have committed any fault 16. SCORING SYSTEM 16. 1. The winning point for the match is a maximum of 21 points 16. 2. The diverge of side shall occur whereby one Regu has reaches 11 Points 17. TEMPORARY SUSPENSION OF PLAY 17. . The Referee can immobilise play temporarily in the event of obstructions, disturbances or any defect to a player who involve immediate treatment, for not more than 5 minutes. 17. 2. An injured player is allowed up to 5 minutes injury time-out. If after 5 minutes, the player is unable to continue, a substitution must be made. If the injured players team has already made a substitution, the match will be declared a forfeit in favor of the opposing team. 17. 3. In the course of such suspension, all players are not allowed to leave the court 18. DISCIPLINE 18. 1. Every player must abide by the rules of the game. 8. 2. Only the Captain of the Regu is allowed to approach the Referee during the game. 18. 3. Players are not allowed to wear any jewelry or accessories e. g. earrings, chains, watches etc. in the court. 19. PENALTY 19. 1. Players disobeying rules will be penalised by the Referee 19. 1. 1. Showing dissent by words or action towards any officials, with regards to any decision and to any players or spectators 19. 1. 2. Using foul or shameful language to any officials, players or spectator 19. 1. 3. To take any improper step or action in cast to influence any decision made by the officials 19. 1. 4.To leave the court without the permission of the Referee 19. 1. 5. To commit ungentlemanly conduct 19. 1. 6. To disobey orders and rules of play The Referee may use one of the following tease Yellow Card Caution Red Card Expulsion Red card shall be given to the following offences comm itted INTENTIONALLY 19. 1. 7. Persist in error after receiving a caution 19. 1. 8. knockdown-dragout conduct (eg. Striking, bitch the opponent, spitting, etc) 19. 1. 9. Using foul or abusive language Note Any player who is shown the Red Card shall be sent off the court and disciplinary action shall be taken against him.The Player concerned shall not be allowed to play in any game until sanction has been made. 19. 2. Fouls and bobble are penalized as follows Disciplinary Sanctions 19. 2. 1. Cautionable Offence A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following six offences 19. 2. 1. 1. Is guilty of un unobjectionable behavior by the display of such action that can be reasonably regarded as either a mitigated or unmitigated violation of the norms of sporting ethics, which can be considered as having or will have a detrimental effect on the proper conduct of the match as a wh19. . 1. 4. Delays the restart of play. 19. 2. 1. 5. Enters or re-enters t he court without the referees permission. 19. 2. 1. 6. Deliberately leaves the court without the referees permissionole. 19. 2. 1. 2. Shows dissent by word or action. 19. 2. 1. 3. Persistently infringes the Laws of the Game 19. 3. Sending-off Offences A player is sent off and shown the red card if he commits any of the following five offences 19. 3. 1. Is guilty of effective foul play. 19. 3. 2. Is guilty of violent conduct, including an act executed with deliberate intent to cause injury to his opponent. 9. 3. 3. Spits at an opponent or any other person. 19. 3. 4. Using offensive or insulting or abusive language and/or gestures. 19. 4. A player who commits a cautionable offence either on or off the court, whether directed towards opponent, team-mate, the referee, an assistant referee or any other person, for which a yellow card is awarded for each the offence committed is disciplined as follows 19. 4. 1. Offence First Yellow Card Penalty standard Caution 19. 4. 2. Offence Second Yellow Card received by the same player in different matches, but in the same tournament.Penalty a) unrivalled Match Suspension 19. 4. 3. Offence ternary Yellow Card received after suspension for the first two Yellow Cards in the tournament by the same player. Penalty a) Two (2) Matches Suspension b) A Fine of US$ deoxycytidine monophosphate (One Hundred Dollars is to be paid by the club or any other body the player represent in the match. 19. 4. 4. Offence Fourth Yellow Card Yellow card received after two matches suspension for the early Third Yellow Card in the same tournament by the same player. PenaltyImmediate suspension from playing in the coterminous or subsequent matches in any tournament sanctioned by pertinent Sepak takraw compulsory authority until a Disciplinary committee is convened and a have been reached on the matter. 19. 4. 5. Offence Two Yellow Cards received by the same player within the Same match. Penalty b) Two (2) Matches Suspension c) A Fine of US$ one hundred (One Hundred Dollars is to be paid by the club or any other body the player represent in the match. d) A Red Card will be given for a trey disciplinary offence committed in any other matches in the tournament. 19. 5.A player who commits a sending-off offence either on or off the court, whether directed towards opponent, team-mate, the referee, an assistant referee or any other person, for which a red card is awarded for each of the offence committed is disciplined according to the spirit of the offence committed is disciplined as follows Offence 19. 5. 1. A Red Card Penalty transport from the game and immediate suspension from playing in any tournament sanctioned by the relevant despotic authority for Sepak takraw until a Disciplinary military commission is convened and a decision has been reached on the matter. 0. MISCONDUCT OF group OFFICIALS 20. 1. Disciplinary action will be taken against Team Officials or his team for any misconduct or disturbances committed by t he official or team during a tournament whether in or outside the court. 20. 2. Any team official who commits misconduct or disturbances will be immediately escorted out from the arena by the tournament officials and the official referee and will also be immediately hang up from being a team official, until a Disciplinary Committee is convened and a decision has been reached on the matter. 21. normal 21. 1.In the event of any question or any matter arising out of any point, which is not expressly provided for in any of the rules of the game, the decision of the Official Referee shall be final. BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS Inside complain. Arguably it is the most important science. This is the kick you will use the most. Watch any top screen players in action and youll see that this is the control kick of choice. This move sets up all the killer spikes. man doing an inside kick, you should stand in a good athletic stance. Feet shoulder width apart. Remember to stave off your su pport leg at the knee. And, it is important, always keep an eye on the ballThe kicking exploit is easy and dont swing at the ball too hard. The ball is bouncy and you need to just slip up it in the right spot on your metrical foot as well as with the proper motion. fork up a few multiplication of simply tossing the ball to yourself. Focus on the ball and pop it screen up to your hands. Catch the ball and then try again. Do this until the ball is consistently coming put up up with ease and pop it approve up to your hands. Once you have gained consistency in this physical exertion you can bugger off to try to link some kicks together. Try dropping to your strong foot, popping the ball up and then kicking with your weak foot before coupleing the ball.Try to link three kicks together, on alternating feet. You should be able to see your progression. All rights reserved. build upr Dek is owned by Sport follow out International in the promotion of sepak takraw in the Takraw Tha iland League. All rights reserved. Knee/Thigh kick. The knee and thigh is use when the ball comes fast towards the area between your knees and your waist. This skill is utilize to bump or deflect the ball up enough to use an inside kick to control the ball. It is also used when kicking serial kicks or in a circle and the ball gets to close to your body.The motion is like a high step marching motion. Simply raise the leg with your hip allowing your knee to bend. Try to contact the ball on the thigh where mathematical instead of the knee as it provides better control. Make sure the ball pips the fleshy part of the thigh to bump the ball up and out a bit. Try a few congest up to your hands. Once you feel comfortable, try to link with one inside kick, and then catch the ball. Do this over and over until it comes naturally. Once you get this combination and doing it naturally without thinking, you will be aware of your improvement in skill. Header.The shower is probably the second most important skill to have, especially in the net game. The header is used to pop up a ball that comes higher than the waist. The exceed way to learn the header is like the inside kick. The contact point should be just above the forehead at the hairline, not too more on the forehead and not too much on the top of the head, right in between. Toss the ball to yourself, hit it with your head and then catch it. Do this several times until you feel comfortable with this skill. When doing the header, remember to bend your knees and get low at a lower place the ball.Like the other kicks, you dont need to focus on power but on accuracy and placement. The next step in this skill drill is to toss the ball higher and again control it with your head before catching the ball. It hurts a bit at first, but youll get use to it. The graduating step is to a header from a high inside kick or from a header to a controlling inside kick. Try both combinations as you will be using both of them as you begin to play more Front kick/Toe kick. The toe kick is a vindicatory kick, neat for saving a ball that has gotten out in calculate of you. It is not, however, a good control kick.Those who play soccer may disagree, but in sepak takraw the inside is the right way. Learn the toe kick for excuses, the inside for control. The toe kick is achieved by placing the foot out for the ball and depending on the height of the, either lifting the foot with your hip or just letting the ball bounce off. You dont need much power because the ball tends to fly off uncontrollably. Do it slow and take it easy. Like the other kicks, do the same toss and catch drill. Then try with different combinations. Do the same progression. * TERMINOLOGY Block Blocking is a defensive skill used to counter a spike coming from close to the net.Block is normally made by jumping in the air and raising a leg and/or back to divert the ball back into the opponents court. A block counts as one contact. Center Line Div ides the length of the playing court into two equal halves. Dig The act of fielding hard hit ball successfully, usually a spike or block, to regain control. i. e. The Dig by Thailand came at crucial point in the game.. Dink A soft hit ball -usually either a dink serve or a dink spike Fault A violation of one of the rules of the game. Feeder person who sets the ball to the spiker. First Ball Term used to describe receiving the serve by the opposing team. orca Same as Spiker. Common in international terminology. Quarter Circle Place on court where the serving teams send ons (left inside and right inside players) must remain until the ball has been kicked by the legion or back player. Regu Malaysian word for team. In takraw, a team of 4 players (3 starters plus 1 reserve) is known as a Regu and a squad of 3 Regus is known as a Team. Roll Spike Spike in which the player jumps with his back to the net, rotates in the air and kicks the ball over the opposite shoulder from the kicking f oot with a flip like motion. The most prominent and storied move in the gameService Over When the serving team fails to return the ball over the net or commits a fault or foul. The opposing team becomes the serving team but a point is not awarded to either team. USA also uses the same term as volleyball game Side Out. Serving Circle Circle of 1 foot radius located in both halves of the court. The server is required to have one foot touching the ground inside the serving circle during a serve. Set (1) A period of play which is concluded when one team reaches 15 points. Matches consists of the best of three sets. Set (2) A high pass by one player to a team-mate or to self to enable a spike.Service The act of putting the ball into play by the back player. Service (Hand) Toss A hand throw of the ball by one of the forward inside players to the back who must kick the ball into play in one try. Spike A powerfully hit shot directed into the opponents half of the court by the foot or hea d. Sunback Spike Spike in which the player jumps with his back to the net and kicks the ball over the same shoulder as the kicking foot. In soccer this is known as a bicycle kick or wheel for short. * STRATEGIES The strategies in Sepak Takraw are very similar to those in volleyball.The receiving team will attempt to play the takraw ball towards the front of the net, making the best use of their 3 hits, to set and spike the ball. THE GOAL The goal in any form of takraw is to keep the hand-woven ball off the ground for as long as possible using any part of the body except hands and arms. Takraw challenges an individuals assumptions of what they are, and are not, capable of doing. As you gain control of the takraw ball, you will find it very rewarding when you can easily whiz through a string of consecutive kicks or place an accurate pass to another player.While amazing yourself and your friends, you will also be having fun, greatly increasing your eye-foot coordination and overall ba ll control (super for enhancing and refining soccer skills), strengthen your legs and really increasing your flexibility. GETTING STARTED Try the FIVE BASIC KICKS/HITS shown here. These kicks may seem awkward at first, but be patient and practice each kick individually. What was impossible yesterday, can be achieved today. Once the raw materials are learned, try the free style kicks (and make up some of your own), then you can play a whole series of games, including the ones below. . INSIDE KICK There are 5 basic kicks/hits that any good Takraw player will have mastered. The most important of these is the inside kick, for it provides maximum ball control. Use this kick to field a ball dropping in front of you. With your planted leg flexed at the knee, lift up your other leg and swing the foot and lower part of the leg in and up sideways like a pendulum in front of you, bend the ankle so that you hit the ball with the flat surface of the inside of your foot. The inside kick is comm only used for passing and setting the ball up high for a spike. 2.THE OUTSIDE KICK The Outside Kick is used when the Takraw ball drops outside your shoulders and slightly behind you. It is similar to the Inside Kick in that your leg swings like a pendulum, but out and upward (rather than in and upward). Shift weight to ball of support foot as you lift kicking leg up away from body. Turn your ankle so that toes are pointing out (not down), which enables you to kick the ball up with the flat, outside surface of your foot. Avoid swinging or kicking your leg forward (only lift it upward). 3. FRONT FOOT KICK This kick is primarily used to save a low ropping ball in front of you. To propel the ball upwards most consistently, the front of your foot must be flicked up in a quick smooth motion as the ball is contacted (remaining loose at the ankle, not stiff). 4. THE KNEE BUMP The Knee Bump is usually used to deflect upwards a low angle pass or a fast serve to the mid-body. Lift your knee up very quickly, with the foot following underneath (not kicking out). The ball is contacted at about waist level with the front of your thigh, just behind the knee, for maximum upward thrust and height. cutaneous senses with ball in mid-thigh area will serve he same purpose, but ball will not be thrust up as high. Note both the Front Foot Kick and Knee Bump are used for added control when making a save or controlling a pass. They do not always provide consistent control. 5. THE HEADER The fifth basic hit is the Header, and it is used frequently in games to deflect upwards a high angle pass or fast serve to the upper body. With legs flexed at the knees, put the top of your forehead in front of the ball, lifting up your chin and spring up from the legs as the ball strikes the forehead so as to deflect it up high in your own court. General Helpful Hints aIways be in a ready stance, with feet pointing leading and shoulder width apart, knees slightly bent, weight low and slightly forwar d. with the basic kicks/hits, usually you should face the deputation that you want to direct the ball to as you contact it. approach contact with the ball in a slow, easy and relaxed fashion, it is more important to first develop good timing (knowing when and how to contact the ball) than it is to kick the ball hard. the support leg provides your balance so should maintain a low profile and be flexed at the knee as your other foot executes the kick. ambidexterity is key to being a more respective(a) player, when ball approaches your right side, kick it with your right foot left side, left foot. FREE STYLE This is your accident to expand on your basic kicks and come up with some more challenging moves of your own. Here are a couple to get you started. FLYING CLIPPER Leap off the same foot that youll use to kick the ball. Cross your kicking foot behind and under your other leg. Lift your kicking foot, turning your ankle and making contact with the ball with the flay surface on the inside of your foot. HAND eyehole This move can be done with a number of kicks. Position our arms to form a loop. The idea is to have the ball first fall through the hand loop then kick it back upward through the loop. Different Games SOLO PLAY The object of play is to keep the takraw ball in the air as long as possible without using hands or arms, anything else goes quite a little GAME The object of the traditional Circle Game is the same as SoIo Play, except with a group of players standing in a circle. This activity was played as far back as the 14th century in India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines and Thailand using a similar ball that was woven out of a rattan material, available in abundance there.SEPAK TAKRAW THE NET GAME Sepak is Malay for kick and Takraw is Thai for the hand-woven ball that is used. In 1945 enthusiasts added a court and net with the same dimensions as in doubles badminton, and a set of rules similar to volleyball (without using hand s or arms) to form a fantastic spectator sport with world championship tournaments held in both Malaysia and Thailand. In western countries it has been mostly Laotian immigrants who have first introduced Takraw to others. Now ASEC INTERNATIONAL is also happy to help introduce, promote and organize this fun and exciting recreational activity/sportPLAYERS POSITIONS 1. The serving teams forwards must remain in their quarter circles while the back player must have only one foot in the serving circle until the ball is contacted by the servers foot. 2. The receiving teams players may stand anywhere in their side of the court, but usually the back player stands just in front of the serving circle with the forwards on either side of him. 3. Players are allowed to move freely on each half of the court once the ball is has been served. TO BEGIN PLAY The game begins by one of the forwards tossing the takraw ball to the back player.The back player must then kick the ball, with the foot that is outside the serving circle, into the opponents court in one try (usually with an extended version of the inside kick). The serve is still good if the ball hits the net as it goes into the other half of the court. SCORING 1. Only the serving team can make a point. 2. A fault by the team possessing the ball constitutes a loss of serve. 3. A set is won by scoring 21 points, unless the points are fasten 20 -20, then the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 25 points. 4. A match is won by winning two out of three sets. . If each team wins one set, the tie breaker set only goes to 15 points,unless the points are tied 14 14, then the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 17 points. FAULTS 1. The back player does not kick the ball over the net on the service toss. 2. The ball falls to the ground inside or outside of the court. 3. The ball is hit more than three times in succession by one side. 4. The ball hits the net but does not go over it. 5. The ball hits the hand or arm of a player. 6. Any part of the body touches, crosses the plane, or goes under the net. . The ball rolls on the body or is stalled. Note One player may hit the ball twice, or even three times, consecutively. The ball may be hit up to 6 feet outside courts perimeter. CONTROL When receiving a serve, stay low and deflect the onrush ball upwards (head and thigh shots are highly effective for this purpose). SETTING Setting is a skill which is executed by propelling the ball high above the net to enable the same, or another, player to smash the ball into the opponents court. Usually the player with the best ball control is setter. SPIKINGAfter the ball has been set, it can be spiked down into the opponents court by the spikers head or foot. This is the most effective and dramatic move in the sport. Usually one of the forward players is designated as spiker during the game so that no muddiness will arise as to who will spike the ball. BLOCKING A block is a defensive skill used mainly for the purpose of preventing a spiked ball,that is coming from above and close to the net, from transitory into the defending side. A block is usually made by jumping and raising the side of ones foot and leg above the net, or by turning and jumping up with the back to the net. OFFICIALS a. Member of Referees Committee b. Referee c. Assist. Referee d. Reserve Referee e. Standby Referee f. Teams Manager g. Teams Coach h. Players i. Spectators Referees shall avoid acquire themselves involved in dispute members of the public, the press, Sepak Takraw officials or players on matters pertaining to refereeing. An unpleasant incident encountered must promptly be reported to Chairman Referee. Referees must at all times uphold the Laws of the Game, The Rules and Regulations. Referees must at times observe the 3Fs Firm, Fair and Fit.The level of physical fitness must always be maintained to project consistency with the requirements of good refereeing. Referees must behave as professionals and conduct themselves in a manner that will bring honour to themselves and the country. Referees detailed to officiate in a sepak takraw tournament must report at the venue at least 30 minutes earlier for local games and 1 hour earlier for International Games. Official Referees must ensure that all referees stay behind until all games have ended before giving a short briefing and officially release the referees to go home. Official Referee is responsible to record down the names of